More than 2000 years of history of China with pandemics.
"瘟疫也曾被用來當成生物武器。1346年時，蒙古軍將死於瘟疫的屍體丟到圍困的克里米亞的卡法（今日俄羅斯的費奧多西亞），札尼別時代的蒙古軍中，多人得了瘟疫，在長期圍困後，蒙古軍將因瘟疫的死屍體丟到城內，試圖傳染給城內的居民。這可能是導致黑死病在歐洲蔓延的原因之一[9]。
美洲原住民在和舊大陸的探險隊接觸後，因為探險隊也引入許多致命的疾病，造成美洲原住民的大量死亡。有記載對美洲原住民的細菌戰只有一次，是在法國－印第安人戰爭後期，約1763年的龐蒂亞克戰爭中，是由英國指揮官傑弗裡·阿默斯特曾想將有天花病毒的毯子送給印地安人[10]。可是不確定後來是否真的讓印地安人感染天花[11]。
中國抗日戰爭（1937-1945）期間，日本軍隊的731部隊為從事生物戰細菌戰研究而對成千上萬的人進行人體實驗，其中大多數是中國人。在軍事戰役中，日本軍隊對中國軍人和平民也使用過細菌武器，造成霍亂、炭疽病、鼠疫等疾病流行，使大約40萬中國平民喪生。[12]
已知可被用於戰爭的疾病包括炭疽病、埃博拉、馬爾堡病毒、鼠疫、霍亂、斑疹傷寒、落磯山斑點熱、兔熱病、布魯氏菌病、Q型流感、玻利維亞出血熱、球孢子菌病、馬鼻疽、類鼻疽、志賀氏菌、鸚鵡熱、流行性乙型腦炎、裂谷熱、黃熱病和天花等。[13]" ~ powered by https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB
"Plague/ Pandemic Disease has also been used as a biological weapon. In 1346, the Mongol army threw the dead bodies of the plague to Kaffa in the besieged Crimea (Feodosia in today's Russia). Many of the Mongol army in the era of Zanibe caught the plague and suffered from the plague during the long-term siege. Later, the Mongolian army threw the dead bodies of the plague into the city, trying to infect the residents of the city. This may be one of the reasons that led to the spread of the Black Death in Europe [9].
After the Native Americans came into contact with the expeditions of the Old World, the expeditions also introduced many deadly diseases, causing a large number of deaths of the Native Americans. There is only one recorded bacteriological warfare against the Native Americans, in the late French-Indian War, during the Pontiac War circa 1763, by British commander Geoffrey Amherst who wanted to bring about smallpox. The virus blanket was given to the Indians [10]. However, it is not certain whether the Indians were actually infected with smallpox later [11].
During the Chinese Anti-Japanese War (1937-1945), the Japanese Army's Unit 731 conducted human experiments on tens of thousands of people, most of them Chinese, for research on biological warfare and bacteriological warfare. In military campaigns, the Japanese army also used bacterial weapons against Chinese soldiers and civilians, causing epidemics of cholera, anthrax, plague and other diseases, killing about 400,000 Chinese civilians. [12]
Diseases known to be used in warfare include anthrax, Ebola, Marburg virus, plague, cholera, typhus, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia, brucellosis, influenza Q, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever , coccidioidomycosis, melioidosis, melioidosis, shigella, psittacosis, Japanese encephalitis, Rift Valley fever, yellow fever and smallpox. [13]" ~ powered by Google Translate
"本條目記錄中國歷史上主要的流行病，包括瘟疫。瘟疫，亦稱大流行，最常見瘟疫之一是鼠疫大流行。鼠疫有腺型、肺型和敗血症型三種，在人類歷史上有過三次跨洲際的鼠疫大流行[1][2]。最早在《舊約聖經》中已出現類似鼠疫侵襲亞述軍的記載，有學者認為中國歷史記載的大頭瘟、疙瘩瘟、吐血瘟即是鼠疫[3][4]。第一次鼠疫大流行發生於西元6世紀，疫情持續了五十多年；14世紀歐洲爆發的「黑死病」為第二次鼠疫大流行的開端，死亡總人數占歐洲人口的四分之一以上，義大利、英國死者半數，有研究認為黑死病是由蒙古軍隊和商隊沿着絲綢之路傳入[2][5][6]；第三次鼠疫大流行始於1855年的雲南地區，正值中國清朝後期。其它的疫疾還有痘疹（天花）、霍亂、流感、冠狀病毒病（SARS、COVID-19）等等。" ~powered by https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB%E5%8F%B2
"This entry documents major epidemics in Chinese history, including plagues. Plagues, also known as pandemics, one of the most common plagues is the plague pandemic. There are three types of plague: glandular type, pulmonary type and septicemic type. There have been three transcontinental plague pandemics in human history [1][2]. The earliest records of plague invading the Assyrian army appeared in the Old Testament. Some scholars believe that the plague of large heads, lumps and hematemesis recorded in Chinese history are plagues[3][4]. The first plague pandemic occurred in the 6th century AD, and the epidemic lasted for more than 50 years; the "Black Death" that broke out in Europe in the 14th century was the beginning of the second plague pandemic, and the total number of deaths accounted for a quarter of the European population More than one, half of the dead in Italy and Britain, some studies believe that the Black Death was introduced by the Mongolian army and caravans along the Silk Road[2][5][6]; the third plague pandemic began in 1855 The Yunnan area in China was in the late Qing Dynasty in China. Other diseases include pox (smallpox), cholera, influenza, coronavirus disease (SARS, COVID-19) and so on." ~powered by Google Translate
No comments:
Post a Comment